This was a cross-sectional study, using a structured questionnaire to gather information.The 293 CKD patients were enrolled from the out-patient department of nephrology in a medical center in Taipei.

• 研究采横断式调查研究法，以方便取样台北市某医学中心之肾脏科门诊中符合取样标准之293位慢性肾病患者为研究对象，采结构式问卷收集资料。