It is generally assumed that lay jurors tend to overestimate the probative value of hearsay testimony, particularly when the litigants are deprived of the opportunity to cross-examine a declarant who is not a witness in the proceeding.

• 据普遍的推定，外行的陪审员倾向于过高估计传闻证言的证明价值，尤其是当诉讼当事人被剥夺反法问的机会、不能盘问本人并非诉讼中的证人的陈述人时。