International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading (Hague Rules) promoted unification of international maritime law, but the Rules had its defect in that the definition of the carrier was vague.

• 《海牙规则》促进了国际海事法律的统一，但该规则明显存在缺陷，在承运人的定义上含混不清，易产生争议。