Canonand Islanmic law, on the contrary, were dominated by dualism of religion and state, where the state was not, incontrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion.

• 相反,天主教法和伊斯兰教法为其宗教与国家二元论所支配,因而同犹太教形成对照。在此,国家并不是一种异己的力量,而是同一宗教的政治表现形式。