A prominent early enemy of IVF was Leon Kass, a biologist at the University of Chicago who took a professional interest in the emerging field of bioethics.

• 美国早期一位反对IVF的知名人物，是芝加哥大学的生物学家卡斯，他对于生物伦理这个新兴领域展现了专业的热诚。