When the wolves were extirpated in the park as a menace, elk numbers soared, and the hordes consumed the vegetation, denuding the Lamar Valley and driving out many other species.

• 当公园里的狼群被视为威胁而遭到消灭，麋鹿的数量便开始窜升，成群的麋鹿大啖植被，剥光拉马河谷，将许多物种驱逐出境。