There was no modern scientific research institute in Tibet before its peaceful liberation, and even such applied technology as astronomy and calendrical calculation were monopolized by the monasteries behind a mysterious religious facade.

• 和平解放前，西藏没有一家现代科研机构，即使天文历算这样的应用技术，也被罩上一层神秘的宗教外衣，垄断在寺院手中。