The evolution of the injury-in-fact test to incorporate causation and redressability has injected complicated factual inquiries into the standing calculus, and resolution of these threshold factual issues can be costly to both courts and litigants.

• 将因果关系和可补偿性包容进实际损害标准的发展，在法律地位计算过程中注入了复杂的实情询问内容，而对法院和诉讼当事人来说，解决这些基本事实问题会费用昂贵。