Opioids can be administered in lower doses by intermittent intravenous injections or continuous infusion for maintenance of anesthesia or as adjuvants to inhaled anesthetics.

• 小剂量吗啡类药物可通过间断静脉或者持续静脉输注来维持麻醉，也可作为吸入麻醉静脉辅助用药。