It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

• 这种谬误在历史传统派和历史社科派中都存在。前者认为，历史旧事史学界内部和外部人士对各史料来源的评论；而后者则认为，历史的研究就是具体方法的研究。