In the 4th century B.C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each, they were the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.

• 公元前四世纪，西方哲学四大利派相互争鸣，这四大流派为：犬儒主义学派、怀疑论学派、伊壁鸠鲁派（享乐主义学派）、斯多葛学派。