In higher plants, betaine is synthesized in two-steps: the fist one is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO) and the second one is catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase(BADH).

• 在高等植物中，甜菜碱由胆碱经两个酶催化得到，催化第一步反应的酶是胆碱单加氧酶(CMO)，催化第二步反应的酶是甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)。