In addition, automatic repeat request (ARQ) can be incorporated when a damaged codeword is beyond the capability of the FEC.The combined scheme of FEC and ARQ is called hybrid ARQ (HARQ).

• 对于资料传输而言，在杂讯严重与频宽有限的无线衰减通道中传输，因此通道编码在传输系统已成为不可或缺的应用。