In a Mayo Clinic study of 78 patients with keratinizing squamous metaplasia (leukoplakia) of urinary bladder, a total of 42% of patients had concurrent or subsequent carcinoma of the bladder.Benson RC, Swanson RK, Farrow GM.

• 在梅欧医院{美}的研究中，78例膀胱角化性鳞状上皮化生病人中，有42%25同时合并或以后发展成为膀胱癌。