However, Stefan Szymanski, an economist at Cass Business School in London, suggests that hosting the Olympics may be a mark of recognition: the effect rather than the cause of change.

• 然而，伦敦卡斯商学院经济学家斯蒂芬.；斯曼斯基暗示，举办奥运会也许只是被认可的标志：只是果而不是能起推动作用的因。