From a historical perspective, it was most fully expressed in France during the tenth century, when the Carolingian Empire had disintegrated and the area was being buffeted by devastating Viking invasions, which sometimes left whole counties in ruins.

• 从历史观点，它在十世纪的法国充分发展/大放异彩，当时的卡洛林王朝已瓦解且国土饱受维京人摧残，有时造成整个郡县成为一个废墟。