Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram negative bacterium commonly found as a commensal in the intestinal tract of humans and other warm blooded animals.

• 研究背景: 上泌尿道感染(急性肾脏感染)是造成人类罹病率及死亡率的重要原因之一，大肠杆菌则是上泌尿道感染最常见的菌种。