Enforcement is carried out by the first party (self-imposed codes of conduct), by the second party (retaliation), and/or by a third party (societal sanctions or coercive enforcement by the state).

• 实施由第一方执行（自我设置的行为规范），由第二方执行（报复），或者由第三方执行（社会制裁或由国家强制执行）