Consequently, the first chip-trap proposal, put forward by a group at the California Institute of Technology in 1995, involved cooling the entire chip to near absolute zero using a bulky and expensive liquid-helium refrigerator.

• 所以，1995年加州理工学院的一个小组首度提出晶片阱的构想，需要用庞大且昂贵的液态氦冷冻机，将整个晶片冷却到接近绝对零度。