Certainly,collusion is not always advantage to the buyer. At first-price collusive bidding mechanism,it is not always profit for the ring member to collude if the seller can change his reserve price with the collusive behavior.

• 当然,并不是所有的串通出价对投标人都是有利可图的,在第一价格拍卖机制下,若卖方可以调整保留价,只有当参与竞投的人很多时,串通出价才有利可图。