By the 13th century, interest in the Bible had inspired a new industry of commercial publishing houses, which hired armies of scribes to crank out portable handwritten copies for university students.

• 到13世纪，对圣经的兴趣促成了商业出版这一新兴行业的出现；这个行业雇佣大量抄写员抄录便于携带的手写版圣经，供大学生使用。