Before ES cells can be taken to clinical application, several obstacles need to be overcome including animal product contamination, heterogeneity, immunogenicity, social and ethical concerns.

• 避免动物源性制剂的污染、ES细胞的遗传稳定性、免疫原性以及社会和伦理因素是ES细胞安全而有效地应用于临床治疗前必须解决的问题。