Although open surgery was still needed in some patients, the modern endourological skills, which are PCNL based techniques, have been the main management in most individoals with staghorn calculi.

• 尽管开放性手术仍然具有一定的适应证，然而，以经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)为基础的现代泌尿外科腔内技术已经成为临床治疗鹿角形肾结石的主流手段；