A historical region of west-central Asia east of the Caspian Sea. Inhabited by Turkic-speaking peoples since the tenth century,it was annexed by Russia in 1881.

• 土库曼斯坦亚洲中西部的一个历史上的区域，位于里海以东。自10世纪起，有说突厥语的民族定居，1881年被并入俄国。