点突变(单一核酸基对的改变)、移位(其中染色体的片段脱落而附着于另一染色体)或扩大(原致癌基因的数量增加)。

• "point mutation (alteration of a single nucleotide Base pair), translocation (in which a segment of the chromosome Breaks off and attaches to another chromosome), or amplification (increase in the number of copies of the proto-oncogene)."